| International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - ICCT

van Ginkel NRC

December 02, 2025

In the Media: Bibi van Ginkel on the Challenges of Tackling Extremist Content Online

Blurred Boundaries Report 2025

Blurred Boundaries: Legal, Ethical, and Practical Limits in Detecting and Moderating Terrorist, Illegal and Implicit Extremist Content Online while Respecting Freedom of Expression

Bibi van Ginkel,

Merlina Herbach,

Julian Lanchès,

Blurred Boundaries Report 2025

Boundaries to Borderline Content: Defining the scope of Implicit Extremist Content

Bibi van Ginkel

Blurred Boundaries Report 2025

Nederlandse managementsamenvatting - Schimmige scheidslijnen: Juridische, ethische, en praktische uitdagingen bij het detecteren en modereren van terroristische, extremistische en impliciete extremistische content, met respect voor de vrijheid van menings

Bibi van Ginkel,

Merlina Herbach,

Julian Lanchès,

Blurred Boundaries Report 2025

Executive Summary - Blurred Boundaries: Legal, Ethical, and Practical Limits in Detecting and Moderating Terrorist, Illegal and Implicit Extremist Content Online while Respecting Freedom of Expression

Bibi van Ginkel,

Merlina Herbach,

Julian Lanchès,

Blurred Boundaries Report 2025

Reading Between the Lines: The Importance of Human Moderators for Online Implicit Extremist Content Moderation

Bibi van Ginkel,

Jesse Six Dijkstra

Jesse Six Dijkstra

Marlena Wisniak

Marlena Wisniak

Senior Legal Manager at the European Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ECNL)

Andreeva and Hartgers 2025

Multi-Agency Working in Practice: The Dutch Care and Safety Houses

Policy Brief by

Anna-Maria Andreeva,

Kacper Rekawek Euronews

October 30, 2025

In the Media: Kacper Rekawek on the Russia's Hybrid War in Europe